전 세계 국가들의 쬬룡을 받는 여행, 항공 위험 국가? Dunning–Kruger effect능력이 부족한 사람은 자신의 능력을 과대평가하고, 능력이 뛰어난 사람은

전 세계 국가들의 쬬룡을 받는 여행, 항공 위험 국가?

Dunning–Kruger effect능력이 부족한 사람은 자신의 능력을 과대평가하고, 능력이 뛰어난 사람은 자신의 능력을 과소평가하는 현상.즉, 모든 사람들이 "나는 중상위권(25~50%)쯤 되지 않을까?"라고 생각하는 현상이다.2. 연구 계기와 발단[편집]더닝 크루거 효과는 인지 편향 중 하나인데 코넬 대학교 사회심리학 교수 데이비드 더닝(David Dunning)과 대학원생 저스틴 크루거(Justin Kruger)가 코넬 대학교 학부생들을 대상으로 실험한 결과를 토대로 제안한 이론이다. 특정 분야에 대해 조금 아는 사람은 자신의 능력을 과대평가하는 경향이 있는 반면 적당히 유능한 사람은 자신의 능력을 과소평가하는 경향이 있다는 것이 요지이다. 그들은 자동차 운전, 체스, 테니스 및 유머 감각, 문법 지식, 논리적 사고력 등의 부문으로 테스트를 했는데 점수가 낮을수록 실제 성적에 비해 피험자 당사자의 등수 기대치(자신감)가 높았고 오히려 높은 성적을 받은 피험자들은 그 반대 경향을 보였다.어디까지나 심리학의 수많은 연구 중 하나일 뿐, 이 효과에 대한 비판도 많고 항상 통하는 정설이라고는 할 수 없다. 게다가 심리학의 많은 연구 결과가 그렇듯 교수와 같은 국가, 같은 학교의 대학원생과 학부생들을 좀 모아놓고 얻어낸 결과라서 여러 가지 문제가 존재한다.메릴랜드 대학교의 연구자 이언 앤슨(I. G. Anson)이 2018년에 발표한 논문[1]에 따르면 정치지식이 평균 이하인 응답자들은 자신의 정치 이해 수준에 과잉 확신을 갖고 있으며, 이런 반응은 자신이 어느 정당을 지지하는 쪽인지 의식할수록 더 강하게 나타난다고 한다. “정치 잘 모르는 사람일수록 ‘정치 잘 안다’ 착각” 이런 경향은 정치적 극단주의자들의 광신적인 행태를 잘 설명해 준다. 자신의 정치신념에 종교적인 확신을 가지고 있기 때문에 그렇게 열성적으로 활동한다.2.1. 우매함의 봉우리(mount stupid)[편집]더닝 크루거 효과를 설명하는 그래프자신이 알고 있는 것들이 사실과 다르거나 틀리다는 걸 알게 되면서 자신감이 하락하지만, 다시 배우면서 겸손한 자세로 모든 걸 알고 있는 게 아니라는 논리를 갖게 되는 지속 가능한 발전의 고원의 단계에 이르는 것이 목표이다.3. 대중적인 오남용[편집]다른 수많은 심리학의 연구결과와 달리, 자신들의 마음에 들지 않는 사람을 비판할 때 자유롭게 사용할 수 있기 때문에 대중적으로 오남용되고 있다. 사실상 과학이 아니라 격언처럼 사용되는 셈. 유독 이 효과만 거론되는 비율이 높은 것을 보면 알 수 있다.더닝 크루거 효과에서 비판하는 인지적 편향을 가진 사람들 역시 이 표현으로 상대를 비판할 수 있으며, 이 표현을 오남용하는 것 자체도 인지적 편향이나 유사과학에 해당한다.한국 같은 극단적 문화에서는 여기서 말하는 유능함을 학벌 등으로 치환하는 자의적 해석도 자주 보인다. 어디까지나 이 논문에서 말하는 유능함은 자체적인 평가를 통해 얻어낸 점수로 측정한 것이다.그럼에도 더닝 크루거 효과가 일상에서 사용되는 이유는 자신이 가진 관념을 주장할 때 과학의 권위에 기대고 싶은 사람이 많기 때문일 것이다.일상적인 표현 중 '빈수레가 요란하다'라는 표현이 있다. 자신감이 넘치는 사람일 수록 실력이 부족하다는 속담인데[2], 사람들이 이를 과학적으로 설명하고 싶어하는 욕망이 있다. 하지만 이것은 일종의 확증편향으로, 실험목표와 실험과정이 순환 논리가 되기 때문에 신빙성이 높다 할 수 없다.[3]봉쇄된 국회의사당 정문국회의사당 본청으로 진입하는 계엄군[108]윤석열 대통령이 2024년 12월 3일 오후 11시를 기해 대한민국 전역에 위헌·위법한 비상계엄을 선포한 사건. 1979년 이후 45년 만에[109] 선포된 비상계엄으로, 1972년 10월 유신 이후 52년 만에 현직 대통령이 일으킨 친위 쿠데타이자 내란이다.2. 전개[편집]윤석열 대통령의 비상계엄 선포부터 해제까지를 정리한 영상(2024년 12월 4일 / 스브스뉴스)12월 3일 밤 10시 23분경 긴급 브리핑을 연 윤석열 대통령은 종북과 반국가세력[110]을 척결하고 자유대한민국을 수호하겠다는 명분[111]으로 전국 단위의 비상계엄을 선포함에 따라 계엄사령부를 설치하고 계엄군을 동원했다. 아울러 계엄사 포고령 제1호를 통해 ① 국회 및 정당의 정치활동 일체 금지, ② 모든 언론과 출판의 자유 통제, ③ 전공의 및 의료인 불복종 시 처단, ④ 재판 절차나 영장 없는 일방적인 체포, 구금, 압수수색 등 전 국민의 정치적·사회적 기본권을 박탈하는 통제 조치를 선언했다.이어서 박안수 육참총장을 사령관으로 하는 계엄사령부는 제1호 포고령을 발표한 뒤 제1공수특전여단과 제707특수임무단 등에 소속된 정예 특수부대 무장 병력을 투입, 국회의사당과 더불어민주당 중앙당사, 중앙선거관리위원회 청사 등에 진입 및 점거를 시도했다. 이는 행정부의 수장인 대통령이 군사력을 동원해서 입법부를 공격해 삼권분립 원칙을 무너뜨리고, 헌법 기관인 선거관리기구를 장악함으로써 현직 대통령이 자국의 자유민주적 기본질서와 헌법적 절차와 기본권을 짓밟는 전대미문의 친위 쿠데타[112]이자 내란 행위[113]라는 대내외적 비판에 직면했다. 실체적·절차적 하자가 수두룩한 선포 과정에 더해, 제1야당 당사에 계엄군을 파견하고 국회를 봉쇄하며 여당 및 야당 대표와 국회의장을 체포하려 시도한 국헌문란 행위[114] 역시 국내외를 막론하고 대한민국 민주주의의 위기라는 평가를 유발했다.하지만 이러한 일련의 계엄 정국은 선포 다음 날인 12월 4일 오전 1시 1분경 국회의 비상계엄 해제 요구 결의안 가결 처리에 따라 2시간 1분[115] 만에 법적 효력을 상실했으며, 같은 날 오전 4시 26분경 대통령실에서 계엄 해제를 발표하고 오전 4시 30분 국무회의 의결로 계엄 해제를 선포함으로써 약 6시간 만에 완전히 종료되었다. 해당 사건은 제6공화국 최초이자 21세기 최초의 계엄령으로, 신군부의 5.17 비상계엄 전국확대 조치 이후 45년 만에 선포된 전국 단위의 비상계엄이자, 박정희의 10월 유신 이후 52년 만에 재임 중인[116] 대한민국 대통령이 저지른 친위 쿠데타에 해당한다. 결국 이는 현직 대통령이 내란죄 혐의로 수사받은 국내 최초의 사례이자, 세계 최초로 대통령이 임기 중에 출국금지를 당하고 체포영장까지 발부받은 전대미문의 사건으로 역사에 기록되었다.[117]https://youtu.be/qx7OYSYvJts?feature=shared[제보] 무안공항서 181명 태운 항공기 착륙 중 충돌(KBS News / 2024년 12월 29일)2024년 12월 29일 오전 9시 3분경 제주항공 2216편이 태국 방콕 수완나품 공항에서 출발하여 대한민국 무안군에 위치한 무안국제공항으로 착륙 도중 불명의 이유[추정]로 랜딩 기어를 내리지 못해[9] 동체 착륙을 시도하던 중 활주로를 이탈하여 로컬라이저가 설치된 철근 콘크리트 소재의 둔덕을 들이받고 기체가 폭발한 항공 사고다. 이 사고로 총 탑승자 181명[10] 중 179명이 사망하였으며, 동체 후미에 탑승해 있던 승무원 2명만이 부상을 입고 생존했다.2.1. 대한민국에서 발생한 사건[편집]목록의 과포화를 막기 위해 사망자가 100명 이상인 경우부터 등재하였다.'단일 사건[1]'만 계산하므로 각각 개별적 사건이나 희생을 '사망 원인'별로 사망자를 합산해 묶은 경우[2]는 이 목록에서 제외된다.현 대한민국 땅에서 일어난 사건이지만, 정부 수립 이전이라 당시에 대한민국이 아니었던 시절의 사건들은 제외된다.[3]순위해위치사건명사망실종[4]부상생존유형1위1995년서울삼풍백화점 붕괴 사고502명6명937명40명붕괴2위1953년부산창경호 침몰 사고330명--8명침몰3위1970년여수남영호 침몰 사고326명--12명침몰4위2014년진도세월호 침몰 사고299명5명-172명침몰5위1993년부안서해훼리호 침몰 사고292명--70명침몰6위2003년대구대구 지하철 참사192명6명152명-화재[5]7위2024년무안제주항공 2216편 활주로 이탈 사고179명--2명활주로 이탈8위1971년서울대연각호텔 화재166명25명68명-화재9위1974년충무[6]YTL30호 침몰 사건159명--157명침몰2022년서울이태원 압사 사고159명-195명-압사11위1963년영암연호 침몰 사건140명--1명침몰12위2002년김해중국국제항공 129편 추락 사고130명--36명추락13위1998년지리산지리산 폭우 참사103명---폭우14위1995년대구대구 지하철 공사장 가스 폭발 사고101명-202명-폭발GDP (in USD) per capita by country, territory, non-sovereign state or non-IMF memberCountry/TerritoryIMF[4][5]World Bank[6]United Nations[7]EstimateYearEstimateYearEstimateYear Monaco—240,8622022234,3172021 Liechtenstein—187,2672022169,2602021 Luxembourg131,3842024128,2592023133,7452021 Bermuda—123,0912022112,6532021 Ireland106,0592024103,6852023101,1092021 Switzerland105,669202499,995202393,5252021 Cayman Islands—96,074202285,2502021 Norway94,660202487,962202389,2422021 Isle of Man—94,1242021— Singapore88,447202484,734202366,8222021 United States85,373202481,695202369,1852021 Iceland84,594202478,811202369,1332021 Qatar81,400202487,480202266,7992021 Macau78,962202466,835202343,5552021 Denmark68,898202467,967202368,0372021 Faroe Islands—66,9792022— Australia66,589202464,712202366,9162021 Channel Islands—64,5012022— Netherlands63,750202462,537202357,8712021 San Marino59,405202454,982202150,4252021 Austria59,225202456,506202353,8402021 Sweden58,529202456,305202360,7302021 Greenland—57,116202158,1852021 Belgium55,536202453,475202351,1662021 Finland55,127202453,756202353,7032021 Canada54,866202453,372202352,1122021 Germany54,291202452,746202351,0732021 United Arab Emirates53,916202452,977202343,2952021 Hong Kong53,606202450,697202349,2592021 Israel53,372202452,262202354,1112021 United Kingdom51,075202448,867202346,5422021 British Virgin Islands——49,4442021 New Zealand48,531202448,528202348,8242021 France47,359202444,461202344,2292021 Andorra44,900202446,545202342,0662021 European Union[n 1]42,440202440,824202331,875[8]2021 U.S. Virgin Islands—41,9762021— Malta41,738202437,882202333,6422021 Guam—40,2272022— Italy39,580202438,373202337,1502021 Sint Maarten (Dutch part)—39,433202326,1992021 Aruba38,018202433,301202229,3422021 Puerto Rico37,172202436,779202332,7162021 Cyprus37,149[n 2]202434,701[n 2]202332,281[n 2]2021 New Caledonia—35,746202234,9942021 Bahamas35,257202434,750202327,4782021 Brunei35,111202433,431202331,4492021 Taiwan34,432[n 3]2024—— South Korea34,165202433,121202334,9402021 Spain34,045202432,677202330,0582021 Slovenia34,026202432,163202329,1352021 Japan33,138202433,834202339,6502021 Saudi Arabia33,040202428,895202323,1862021 Estonia31,855202429,824202327,9912021 Kuwait31,724202437,533202332,1502021 Turks and Caicos Islands—30,438202320,9092021 Czech Republic29,801202430,427202326,8092021 Portugal28,969202427,275202324,6512021 Bahrain28,876202429,084202326,5632021 Lithuania28,407202427,103202323,8442021 Guyana26,592202420,62620239,9992021 Slovakia25,935202424,470202321,3902021 Latvia24,194202423,184202321,2672021 Greece23,966202422,990202320,5712021 Saint Kitts and Nevis23,705202422,553202318,0832021 Barbados23,596202422,673202317,2252021 Hungary23,319202422,147202318,7282021 Uruguay23,088202422,564202317,3132021 Poland23,014202422,113202317,7362021 Croatia22,966202421,460202316,9832021 Seychelles21,875202417,879202312,0852021 Oman20,913202423,295202319,5092021 Antigua and Barbuda20,533202421,560202315,2462021 Curaçao—20,493202220,4922022 Saint Martin (French part)—20,3212021— Trinidad and Tobago19,861202418,333202316,0332021 American Samoa—19,6732022— Romania19,530202418,419202314,6982021 Panama19,369202418,662202314,6182021 Cook Islands——19,2642021 Anguilla——19,2162021 French Polynesia—18,985202219,9152021 Costa Rica18,031202416,595202312,4722021 Maldives17,818202412,667202310,3662021 Palau17,441202414,565202312,0842021 Northern Mariana Islands—17,3032020— Bulgaria16,943202415,798202312,2072021 Chile16,616202417,093202316,2652021 Montserrat——16,1992021 Mexico15,249202413,926202310,0462021 Kazakhstan14,778202413,137202310,0552021 Russia14,391202413,817202312,2592021 Saint Lucia14,101202413,98020239,8242021 World13,840202413,138202312,2302021 Malaysia13,315202411,649202311,1012021 China13,136[n 4]202412,614[n 5]202312,437[n 4]2021 Mauritius12,973202411,41720238,8732021 Argentina12,812202413,730202310,7612021 Turkey12,765202412,98620239,6612021 Montenegro12,646202412,01720239,2522021 Turkmenistan12,41220249,19120238,5082021 Serbia12,384202411,36120238,6432021 Nauru12,362202412,060202312,3902021 Grenada12,255202410,46420238,9502021 Dominican Republic11,774202410,71620238,4772021 Brazil11,352202410,04420238,1702021 Cuba—9,500202011,2552021 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines10,150202410,27920238,4402021 Dominica9,45520248,95420237,5712021 Gabon9,30820248,42020237,9112021 Albania8,92420248,36820236,3962021 North Macedonia8,84720248,14620236,6002021 Georgia8,825[n 6]20248,120[n 6]20234,975[n 6]2021 Armenia8,57520248,71620234,9672021 Bosnia and Herzegovina8,41620248,42620237,1432021 Peru8,29120247,79020236,6222021 Botswana7,87520247,25020236,8052021 Thailand7,81220247,17220237,0672021 Azerbaijan7,64120247,15520235,2962021 Belarus7,55820247,82920237,1212021 Moldova7,488[n 7]20246,651[n 7]20234,468[n 7]2021 Colombia7,32720246,98020236,1042021 Jamaica7,30920246,87420235,1842021 Belize7,17020247,98820236,2292021 Libya6,97520247,33020235,7912021 Equatorial Guinea6,73320247,06720237,6052021 Marshall Islands6,71120246,76220236,1112021 Suriname6,70220246,06920235,2592021 Ecuador6,56720246,53320235,9652021 Kosovo6,38920245,94320235,6632021 Fiji6,28720245,86820234,6472021 Mongolia6,18220245,76520234,5102021 Tuvalu6,00120245,46520235,3702021 Paraguay5,98420246,26020236,0352021 Iraq5,97920245,51220234,6862021 South Africa5,97520246,25320237,0552021 Tonga5,84020244,68220224,4512021 Algeria5,72220245,26020233,7002021 Guatemala5,67820245,79720234,8832021 Ukraine5,663[n 8]20245,181[n 8]20234,596[n 8]2021 El Salvador5,53720245,34420234,5512021 Iran5,31020244,50220236,7662021 Indonesia5,27120244,94020234,3332021 Micronesia5,12020243,99220233,5732021 Samoa4,84020244,13920233,9192021 Namibia4,74520244,74320234,8362021 Jordan4,70520244,48220234,0582021 Cape Verde4,65620244,32220233,2932021 Vietnam4,62320244,34720233,7562021 Tunisia4,43520243,89520233,8072021 Eswatini4,32420243,79720233,9692021 Djibouti4,18420243,60620233,3482021 Philippines4,13020243,72620233,4612021 Morocco4,07820243,67220233,8532021 Bolivia4,01420243,70120233,3452021 Bhutan4,01420243,70420223,0632021 Venezuela3,867202415,97620143,9652021 Sri Lanka3,34220223,82820233,9182021 Vanuatu3,73420243,36720233,0732021 Honduras3,50520243,24720232,7722021 Palestine3,396[n 9]20233,368[n 9]20233,514[n 10]2021 Lebanon3,28320223,35020236,7852021 Egypt3,22520243,51320233,8982021 São Tomé and Príncipe3,16720242,60220232,4862021 Nicaragua2,79120242,53020232,0462021 India2,73120242,48520232,2742021 Ivory Coast2,71720242,72920232,5392021 Uzbekistan2,66620242,49620232,0322021 Bangladesh2,64620242,52920232,4502021 Cambodia2,62820241,87520231,6082021 Papua New Guinea2,53020242,99420232,6732021 Congo2,45720242,50920232,2002021 Kiribati2,44620242,09020231,7652021 Angola2,43220242,30920232,2582021 Mauritania2,34720242,14920232,1662021 Solomon Islands2,25320242,20320232,3062021 Ghana2,23020242,23820232,4092021 Zimbabwe2,08820241,59220231,5082021 Kenya1,98320241,95020232,0822021 Laos1,97620242,07520232,5692021 Haiti1,94120241,69320231,6642021 Kyrgyzstan1,92220241,97020231,3392021 Ethiopia1,91020241,29420238252021 Senegal1,90020241,74620231,6372021 Cameroon1,81520241,67420231,6682021 Guinea1,65120241,66420231,1852021 Benin1,51220241,43520231,3612021 Pakistan1,46120231,40720231,4802021 East Timor1,45420241,64820231,5172021 Zambia1,41320241,36920231,0952021 Nepal1,39720241,32420231,1592021 Comoros1,38420241,58720231,6312021 Tajikistan1,27120241,18920238972021 Myanmar1,24820241,18820231,0892021 Tanzania1,22020241,21120231,136[n 11]2021 Uganda1,20220241,01420239302021 Zanzibar—1,19220221,2112021 Nigeria1,11020241,62120232,0192021 Lesotho1,107202487820231,0402021 Guinea-Bissau1,087202491420237592021 Togo1,05820241,01320239442021 Chad1,014202471920239552021 Rwanda98920241,00020238222021 Gambia989202484420237722021 Burkina Faso910202487420238932021 Mali899202489720238752021 Liberia855202479920234712021 Somalia776202464420234472021 DR Congo715202464920235512021 Niger670202461820235912021 Mozambique659202460820234922021 North Korea——6542021 Eritrea—64420116232021 Sudan54720242,27220237862021 Madagascar538202452920235002021 Central African Republic538202444520234612021 Sierra Leone527202443320235052021 Yemen486202453320233022021 Malawi481202467320236132021 South Sudan42220241,07220154002021 Afghanistan422202235320223732021 Syria—42120219252021 Burundi230202420020233112021Notes:Data unavailable for the Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, the Holy See (Vatican City), Jersey, Niue, the Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha, Tokelau, and Western Sahara.Nearly all country links in the table (except that of Zanzibar) take to articles titled "Income in country or territory" or to "Economy of country or territory".아래는 지식iN스러운??배우, 가수, 일반 中 상급인들이 좋은 행위들로 국가 이미지를 올려놨더니상당수의 하급인들이 한국이든 외국이든 지구 곳곳에서 무례, 반말, 욕설 등온갖 나쁜 행위들로 국가 이미지를 실추시키고 있다던데 과연??Online communities are relatively new and unexplored areas. They promote a whole new community that prior to the Internet was not available. Although they can promote a vast array of positive qualities, such as relationships without regard to race, religion, gender, or geography,[74] they can also lead to multiple problems.The theory of risk perception, an uncertainty in participating in an online community, is quite common, particularly when in the following online circumstances:performances,financial,opportunity/time,safety,social,psychological loss.[75]Clay Shirky explains one of these problems like two hoola-hoops. With the emersion of online communities there is a "real life" hoola-hoop and the other and "online life". These two hoops used to be completely separate but now they have swung together and overlap. The problem with this overlap is that there is no distinction anymore between face-to-face interactions and virtual ones; they are one and the same. Shirky illustrates this by explaining a meeting. A group of people will sit in a meeting but they will all be connected into a virtual world also, using online communities such as wiki.[76]A further problem is identity formation with the ambiguous real-virtual life mix. Identity formation in the real world consisted of "one body, one identity",[citation needed] but the online communities allow you to create "as many electronic personae" as you please. This can lead to identity deception. Claiming to be someone you're not can be problematic with other online community users and for yourself. Creating a false identity can cause confusion and ambivalence about which identity is true.A lack of trust regarding personal or professional information is problematic with questions of identity or information reciprocity. Often, if information is given to another user of an online community, one expects equal information shared back. However, this may not be the case or the other user may use the information given in harmful ways.[77] The construction of an individual's identity within an online community requires self-presentation. Self-presentation is the act of "writing the self into being", in which a person's identity is formed by what that person says, does, or shows. This also poses a potential problem as such self-representation is open for interpretation as well as misinterpretation. While an individual's online identity can be entirely constructed with a few of his/her own sentences, perceptions of this identity can be entirely misguided and incorrect.Online communities present the problems of preoccupation, distraction, detachment, and desensitization to an individual, although online support groups exist now. Online communities do present potential risks, and users must remember to be careful and remember that just because an online community feels safe does not mean it necessarily is.[35]Trolling and harassmentMain article: CyberbullyingCyber bullying, the "use of long-term aggressive, intentional, repetitive acts by one or more individuals, using electronic means, against an almost powerless victim"[78] which has increased in frequency alongside the continued growth of web communities with an Open University study finding 38% of young people had experienced or witnessed cyber bullying.[79] It has received significant media attention due to high-profile incidents such as the death of Amanda Todd[80] who before her death detailed her ordeal on YouTube.[81]A key feature of such bullying is that it allows victims to be harassed at all times, something not possible typically with physical bullying. This has forced Governments and other organisations to change their typical approach to bullying with the UK Department for Education now issuing advice to schools on how to deal with cyber bullying cases.[82]The most common problem with online communities tend to be online harassment, meaning threatening or offensive content aimed at known friends or strangers through ways of online technology. Where such posting is done "for the lulz" (that is, for the fun of it), then it is known as trolling.[83] Sometimes trolling is done in order to harm others for the gratification of the person posting. The primary motivation for such posters, known in character theory as "snerts", is the sense of power and exposure it gives them.[84] Online harassment tends to affect adolescents the most due to their risk-taking behavior and decision-making processes. One notable example is that of Natasha MacBryde who was tormented by Sean Duffy, who was later prosecuted.[85] In 2010, Alexis Pilkington, a 17-year-old New Yorker committed suicide. Trolls pounced on her tribute page posting insensitive and hurtful images of nooses and other suicidal symbolism. Four years prior to that an 18-year-old died in a car crash in California. Trolls took images of her disfigured body they found on the internet and used them to torture the girl's grieving parents.[86] Psychological research has shown that anonymity increases unethical behavior through what is called the online disinhibition effect. Many website and online communities have attempted to combat trolling. There has not been a single effective method to discourage anonymity, and arguments exist claiming that removing Internet users' anonymity is an intrusion of their privacy and violates their right to free speech. Julie Zhou, writing for the New York Times, comments that "There's no way to truly rid the Internet of anonymity. After all, names and email addresses can be faked. And in any case many commenters write things that are rude or inflammatory under their real names". Thus, some trolls don't even bother to hide their actions and take pride in their behavior.[86] The rate of reported online harassment has been increasing as there has been a 50% increase in accounts of youth online harassment from the years 2000–2005.[87]Another form of harassment prevalent online is called flaming. According to a study conducted by Peter J. Moor, flaming is defined as displaying hostility by insulting, swearing or using otherwise offensive language.[88] Flaming can be done in either a group style format (the comments section on YouTube) or in a one-on-one format (private messaging on Facebook). Several studies have shown that flaming is more apparent in computer mediated conversation than in face to face interaction.[89] For example, a study conducted by Kiesler et al. found that people who met online judged each other more harshly than those who met face to face.[90] The study goes on to say that the people who communicated by computer "felt and acted as though the setting was more impersonal, and their behavior was more uninhibited. These findings suggest that computer-mediated communication ... elicits asocial or unregulated behavior".[91]Unregulated communities are established when online users communicate on a site although there are no mutual terms of usage. There is no regulator. Online interest groups or anonymous blogs are examples of unregulated communities.[17]Cyberbullying is also prominent online. Cyberbullying is defined as willful and repeated harm inflicted towards another through information technology mediums.[92] Cyberbullying victimization has ascended to the forefront of the public agenda after a number of news stories came out on the topic.[93] For example, Rutgers freshman Tyler Clementi committed suicide in 2010 after his roommate secretly filmed him in an intimate encounter and then streamed the video over the Internet.[94] Numerous states, such as New Jersey, have created and passed laws that do not allow any sort of harassment on, near, or off school grounds that disrupts or interferes with the operation of the school or the rights of other students.[95] In general, sexual and gender-based harassment online has been deemed a significant problem.[96]Trolling and cyber bullying in online communities are very difficult to stop for several reasons:Community members don't wish to violate libertarian ideologies that state everyone has the right to speak.The distributed nature of online communities make it difficult for members to come to an agreement.Deciding who should moderate and how create difficulty of community management.An online community is a group of people with common interests who use the Internet (web sites, email, instant messaging, etc.) to communicate, work together and pursue their interests over time.HazingA lesser known problem is hazing within online communities. Members of an elite online community use hazing to display their power, produce inequality, and instill loyalty into newcomers. While online hazing doesn't inflict physical duress, "the status values of domination and subordination are just as effectively transmitted".[97] Elite members of the in-group may haze by employing derogatory terms to refer to newcomers, using deception or playing mind games, or participating in intimidation, among other activities.[98]"[T]hrough hazing, established members tell newcomers that they must be able to tolerate a certain level of aggressiveness, grossness, and obnoxiousness in order to fit in and be accepted by the BlueSky community".[99]PrivacyOnline communities like social networking websites have a very unclear distinction between private and public information. For most social networks, users have to give personal information to add to their profiles. Usually, users can control what type of information other people in the online community can access based on the users familiarity with the people or the users level of comfort. These limitations are known as "privacy settings". Privacy settings bring up the question of how privacy settings and terms of service affect the expectation of privacy in social media. After all, the purpose of an online community is to share a common space with one another. Furthermore, it is hard to take legal action when a user feels that his or her privacy has been invaded because he or she technically knew what the online community entailed.[100] Creator of the social networking site Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg, noticed a change in users' behavior from when he first initiated Facebook. It seemed that "society's willingness to share has created an environment where privacy concerns are less important to users of social networks today than they were when social networking began".[101] However even though a user might keep his or her personal information private, his or her activity is open to the whole web to access. When a user posts information to a site or comments or responds to information posted by others, social networking sites create a tracking record of the user's activity.[102] Platforms such as Google and Facebook collect massive amounts of this user data through their surveillance infrastructures.[103]Internet privacy relates to the transmission and storage of a person's data and their right to anonymity whilst online with the UN in 2013 adopting online privacy as a human right by a unanimous vote.[104] Many websites allow users to sign up with a username which needn't be their actual name which allows a level of anonymity, in some cases such as the infamous imageboard 4chan users of the site do not need an account to engage with discussions. However, in these cases depending on the detail of information about a person posted it can still be possible to work out a users identity.Even when a person takes measures to protect their anonymity and privacy revelations by Edward Snowden a former contractor at the Central Intelligence Agency about mass surveillance programs conducted by the US intelligence services involving the mass collection of data on both domestic and international users of popular websites including Facebook and YouTube as well as the collection of information straight from fiber cables without consent appear to show individuals privacy is not always respected.[105] Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg publicly stated that the company had not been informed of any such programs and only handed over individual users data when required by law[106] implying that if the allegations are true that the data harvested had been done so without the company's consent.The growing popularity of social networks where a user using their real name is the norm also brings a new challenge with one survey of 2,303 managers finding 37% investigated candidates social media activity during the hiring process[107] with a study showing 1 in 10 job application rejections for those aged 16 to 34 could be due to social media checks.[108]Reliability of informationWeb communities can be an easy and useful tool to access information. However, the information contained as well as the users' credentials cannot always be trusted, with the internet giving a relatively anonymous medium for some to fraudulently claim anything from their qualifications or where they live to, in rare cases, pretending to be a specific person.[109] Malicious fake accounts created with the aim of defrauding victims out of money has become more high-profile with four men sentenced to between 8 years and 46 weeks for defrauding 12 women out of £250,000 using fake accounts on a dating website.[110] In relation to accuracy one survey based on Wikipedia that evaluated 50 articles found that 24% contained inaccuracies,[111] while in most cases the consequence might just be the spread of misinformation in areas such as health the consequences can be far more damaging leading to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration providing help on evaluating health information on the web.[112]ImbalanceSee also: 1% rule (Internet culture)The 1% rule states that within an online community as a rule of thumb only 1% of users actively contribute to creating content. Other variations also exist such as the 1-9-90 rule[a] when taking editing into account.[114] This raises problems for online communities with most users only interested in the information such a community might contain rather than having an interest in actively contributing which can lead to staleness in information and community decline.[115] This has led such communities which rely on user editing of content to promote users into becoming active contributors as well as retention of such existing members through projects such as the Wikimedia Account Creation Improvement Project.[116]1. 개요2. 운영진 문제점 2.1. 마구잡이 글가리기 및 막장 운영2.2. 불특정 의사 홍보2.3. 엉터리 신고 서비스2.4. 제멋대로인 지식인 선정2.5. 없데이트2.6. 룰렛 이벤트 남용3. 이용자 문제점 3.1. 공통 3.1.1. 정치글 분탕 및 선동3.1.2. 도배성 질문글3.2. 질문자측 3.2.1. 미채택3.2.2. 불법 공유3.2.3. 숙제 및 부정행위3.2.4. 잘못된 디렉토리3.3. 답변자측 3.3.1. 저급한 답변수준 3.3.1.1. 질문 건너뛰기3.3.2. 지나친 홍보수단3.3.3. 답변자 계급 문제3.3.4. 내공냠냠3.3.5. 표정 테러3.3.6. 매크로 답변 3.3.6.1. ChatGPT 답변 구분법4. 시스템상 문제점 4.1. 채택 제도의 한계4.2. 공유 불가능한 답변 문화4.3. 등급 내공 격차4.4. 내공 및 등급 인플레이션4.5. 질문 삭제 불가4.6. Choice 문제4.7. 마감 기능 삭제5. 과거의 문제점 5.1. 마감 악용6. 기타1. 개요[편집]#1 (2020)#2 (2021)#3 (2023)네이버 지식iN의 문제점을 서술하는 문서. 2010년부터 네이버 운영진의 갖가지 횡포와 수많은 갑질이 지식in에서도 일으키는 등 그 막장성이 적나라하게 드러나고 있다.[1] 이용자들이 비속어/섹드립/홍보성/내공냠냠/무의미한 글/어그로글을 계속 도배하고 있는데도 처리조차 되지 않아서 지식in 서비스는 이용자들의 감정 쓰레기통이자, 화풀이 장소인 퇴물 서비스가 다 되어버렸다.[2] 2024년 지금은 추가내공 삭제와 마감기능까지 삭제되면서 퇴보가 계속 이어져 정상적인 답변을 찾기 힘들고 뉴비절단기와 다를 게 없는 상황이기 때문에 차라리 전문가에게 물어보거나 논문, 구글, 뉴스, 유튜브에 검색하는 게 훨씬 정확성이 높고 더 빠르다.이로 인해 지식iN을 접는 이용자들이 늘어났으며 이러한 문제점들에 대해 아무리 불편 호소나 건의를 해도 운영진은 개선은 커녕 무시하는 행태를 보여주고 있어서 뇌입원 지식즐/무식즐이라 욕먹고 있다.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_intelligencehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flynn_effect#Possible_end_of_progressionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_disorderhttps://namu.wiki/w/%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%EB%B2%84%20%EC%A7%80%EC%8B%9DiN/%EB%AC%B8%EC%A0%9C%EC%A0%90#tochttps://namu.wiki/w/%EC%86%8C%EC%85%9C%20%EB%84%A4%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%8C%ED%81%AC%20%EC%84%9C%EB%B9%84%EC%8A%A4/%EB%B9%84%ED%8C%90#tochttps://youtu.be/fuFlMtZmvY0노산과 태아의 정신질환과의 관계에 대하여 NCS에 등재된 논문들이 궁금하네요과거에 비해 온라인이 굉장히 저급해졌는데 그 원인 중 하나가 노산인 듯도......https://namu.wiki/w/%EB%85%B8%EC%82%B0#tochttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_maternal_agehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternal_age_effectThe Nobel Prizes (/noʊˈbɛl/ noh-BEL; Swedish: Nobelpriset [nʊˈbɛ̂lːˌpriːsɛt]; Norwegian: Nobelprisen Norwegian: [nʊˈbɛ̀lːˌpriːsn̩] ⓘ) are five separate prizes awarded to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind, as established by the 1895 will of Swedish chemist, engineer, and industrialist Alfred Nobel, in the year before he died. Prizes were first awarded in 1901 by the Nobel Foundation.[2] Nobel's will indicated that the awards should be granted in the fields of Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature, and Peace. A sixth prize for Economic Sciences, endowed by Sweden's central bank, Sveriges Riksbank, and first presented in 1969, is also frequently included, as it is also administered by the Nobel Foundation.[2][4][5] The Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards available in their respective fields.[6][7]The prize ceremonies take place annually. Each recipient, known as a laureate, receives a green gold medal plated with 24 karat gold, a diploma, and a monetary award. As of 2023, the Nobel Prize monetary award is 11,000,000 SEK, amounting to ~$1,035,000.[3] A prize may not be shared among more than three individuals, although the Nobel Peace Prize can be awarded to organisations of more than three people.[8] Nobel Prizes are not awarded posthumously, but if a person is awarded a prize and dies before receiving it, the prize is presented.[9]The Nobel Prizes, beginning in 1901, and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, beginning in 1969, have been awarded 609 times to 975 people and 25 organisations. Five individuals and two organisations have received more than one Nobel Prize.[10]1. 개요2. 역사3. 시상 · 수상 3.1. 시상 분야3.2. 수상자3.3. 수상자 발표3.4. 시상식3.5. 메달3.6. 상금3.7. 각국 수상 현황4. 대한민국의 분야별 현황5. 관련 상6. 기록7. 기타8. 논란1. 개요[편집](유산에서 발생하는) 이자는 다섯 등분하여 물리학 분야에서 가장 중요한 발견이나 발명을 한 사람, 화학 분야에서 중요한 발견이나 개발을 한 사람, 생리학 또는 의학 분야에서 가장 중요한 발견을 한 사람, 문학 분야에서 이상주의적인 가장 뛰어난 작품을 쓴 사람, 국가간의 우호와 군대의 폐지 또는 삭감과 평화 회의의 개최 혹은 추진을 위해 가장 헌신한 사람에게 준다.- 알프레드 노벨의 유언 中.스웨덴 왕립과학아카데미(물리학, 화학, 경제학[2]), 스웨덴 아카데미[3](문학), 카롤린스카 의학연구소(생리학/의학), 노르웨이 노벨위원회(평화)에서 매년 인류의 문명 발달에 기여한 사람에게 수여하는 세계에서 가장 권위 있는 상이다.[4] 다이너마이트를 발명한 알프레드 노벨의 유언으로 만들어졌다.2. 역사[편집]일설에는 1888년 알프레드 노벨의 형인 루드비그 노벨(Ludvig Emmanuel Nobel/Лю́двиг Эммануи́лович Нобе́ль)[5]이 사망했을 때 한 신문에서 실수로 알프레드 노벨이 사망했다고 기사를 실었는데, 그 기사에 노벨을 '죽음의 상인'이라 지칭했고, 이에 충격을 받은 노벨이 자신의 사후 이미지를 걱정해 상을 만들었다는 주장이 있다. 하지만 해당 오보의 원본이 발견된 바 없으며, 심지어 노벨상 공식 홈페이지 등에서도 이러한 이야기를 언급, 인용한 바 없어서 잘못 알려진 풍문일 가능성이 높다.이유야 어찌되었던 다이너마이트가 군사적으로 이용되는 걸 회의감을 느꼈던 노벨은[6] 후에 유언으로 유산의 94%(약 440만 달러[7])를 기부, 노벨상을 설립하게 되었다.어마어마한 알프레드 노벨의 재산을 대부분 기부하려하자, 자기들의 몫을 빼앗겼다고 생각한 그의 친척들[8]이 강하게 반발하고 나섰다. 게다가 노벨은 유언장에서 국적에 상관없이 이 상을 줄 것을 당부했는데, 이것 때문에 스웨덴 내 여론과 스웨덴 국왕 오스카르 2세까지도 노벨을 비난했다. 특히 평화상 수상을 당시 스웨덴의 지배하에 있었던 노르웨이에 맡겼던 것도 이를 부채질했다. 그러나 유언 집행인 랑나르 솔만(Ragnar Sohlman,1870~1948)의 결단으로 노벨의 재산은 안전한 유가증권으로 남게 되었다. 오늘날 노벨상의 위상을 생각하면 별 탈없이 만들어진 것처럼 보일 수 있지만, 실제로는 이처럼 우여곡절 끝에 탄생된 상이다. 솔만은 상을 제정하며 가진 인터뷰에서 '욕을 그리 많이 먹어보는 것도 재미있더군요.'라며 노벨의 친척들이 벌인 온갖 방해공작이나 욕설, 명예훼손을 비아냥거렸다고 한다.다만 노벨경제학상의 경우 1968년, 즉 노벨상이 제정되고 난 뒤로도 한참 후에 노벨의 유언과는 무관하게 따로 생긴 상이다. 스웨덴 중앙은행[9] 설립 300주년을 기념해 제정한 상으로서, 상의 정식 명칭은 '알프레드 노벨을 기념하는 경제학 분야의 스웨덴 중앙은행상'(The Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel)이다.[10] 노벨의 유언에 의해 제정된 나머지 5개 분야 노벨상은 정식 명칭은 Nobel Prize[11]로 시작되는 데 반해, 노벨경제학상은 The Sveriges Riksbank Prize로 시작된다.즉, 노벨경제학상은 엄밀히 따지자면 노벨상은 아니고 노벨 기념상이다. 하지만 경제학상 수상자를 선정하는 스웨덴 왕립 아카데미는 물리학상, 화학상 수상자를 선정하는 곳이며, 수상식에 다른 분야의 수상자들과 함께 참석하고 상금 또한 동일하다. 스웨덴에서 달리 할 이유가 없기 때문.[12] 그래서 일반적으로 노벨상이라고 하면 이 경제학상도 포함되는 편이다. 하지만 알프레드 노벨의 형의 후손인 피터 노벨은 노벨경제학상에 대해 크게 부정적으로, 경제학상에 무단으로 붙인 '노벨'이라는 이름을 삭제할 것을 요구하고 있다. 특히 주식 옵션 투기를 조장하는 시카고학파들이 상을 휩쓸고 있다며, 인류에 공헌한 사람에게 상을 수여한다는 노벨의 취지를 크게 벗어났다고 비판하고 있다.노벨상 시상 초기에는 지금처럼 권위 있게 여겨지지 않았지만, 곧 세계적인 명성을 갖춘 상이 되었다. 이는 상의 수준을 높여가려는 지속적인 노력에 힘입은 결과였다PositionTitleAuthorsPublished Date1The Great GatsbyF. Scott Fitzgerald19252In Search of Lost TimeMarcel Proust19133UlyssesJames Joyce19224One Hundred Years of SolitudeGabriel García Márquez19675The Catcher in the RyeJ. D. Salinger19516LolitaVladimir Nabokov19557Anna KareninaLeo Tolstoy18778Nineteen Eighty FourGeorge Orwell19499Moby-DickHerman Melville185110Don QuixoteMiguel de Cervantes160511Wuthering HeightsEmily Brontë184712Crime and PunishmentFyodor Dostoevsky186613Pride and PrejudiceJane Austen181314To Kill a MockingbirdHarper Lee196015War and PeaceLeo Tolstoy186916The StrangerAlbert Camus194217The Sound and the FuryWilliam Faulkner192918The Lord of the RingsJ. R. R. Tolkien195419Madame BovaryGustave Flaubert185720The Brothers KaramazovFyodor Dostoevsky188021Alice's Adventures in WonderlandLewis Carroll186522The OdysseyHomer-74023The BibleUnknown-140024The Divine ComedyDante Alighieri130825MiddlemarchGeorge Eliot187126The Grapes of WrathJohn Steinbeck193927Heart of DarknessJoseph Conrad189928Great ExpectationsCharles Dickens186029To the LighthouseVirginia Woolf192730The TrialFranz Kafka192531Adventures of Huckleberry FinnMark Twain188432The Magic MountainThomas Mann192433Jane EyreCharlotte Brontë184734Catch-22Joseph Heller196135Mrs. DallowayVirginia Woolf192536Invisible ManRalph Ellison195237The IliadHomer-75038The Red and the BlackStendhal183039Les MisérablesVictor Hugo186240The Master and MargaritaMikhail Bulgakov196741Absalom, Absalom!William Faulkner193642Midnight's ChildrenSalman Rushdie198143FrankensteinMary Shelley181844Journey to the End of The NightLouis-Ferdinand Céline193245FictionsJorge Luis Borges194446The Sun Also RisesErnest Hemingway192647On the RoadJack Kerouac195748The Diary of a Young GirlAnne Frank194749David CopperfieldCharles Dickens184950BelovedToni Morrison198751The Little PrinceAntoine de Saint-Exupéry194352One Thousand and One NightsUnknown80053The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, GentlemanLaurence Sterne175954Silent SpringRachel Carson196255Gulliver's TravelsJonathan Swift172656The Old Man and the SeaErnest Hemingway195257A Passage to IndiaE. M. Forster192458The AeneidVirgil1959Brave New WorldAldous Huxley193260Things Fall ApartChinua Achebe195861Leaves of GrassWalt Whitman185562Slaughterhouse-FiveKurt Vonnegut196963Their Eyes Were Watching GodZora Neale Hurston193764The IdiotFyodor Dostoevsky186965The Portrait of a LadyHenry James188166The Good SoldierFord Madox Ford191567HamletWilliam Shakespeare160068The Stories of Anton ChekhovAnton Chekhov190069EssaysMichel de Montaigne158070CandideVoltaire175971In Cold BloodTruman Capote196672FaustJohann Wolfgang von Goethe180873The LeopardGiuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa195874Lord of the FliesWilliam Golding195475Gone With the WindMargaret Mitchell193676The Long GoodbyeRaymond Chandler195377RebeccaDaphne du Maurier193878DemonsFyodor Dostoevsky187279Oedipus the KingSophocles-42980As I Lay DyingWilliam Faulkner193081A Portrait of the Artist as a Young ManJames Joyce191682DuneFrank Herbert196583OrlandoVirginia Woolf192884Animal FarmGeorge Orwell194585The Count of Monte CristoAlexandre Dumas184486All Quiet on the Western FrontErich Maria Remarque192887The CastleFranz Kafka192688The Age of InnocenceEdith Wharton192089Little WomenLouisa May Alcott186890WaldenHenry David Thoreau185491BuddenbrooksThomas Mann190192Pale FireVladimir Nabokov196293Charlotte's WebE. B. White195294The Golden NotebookDoris May Lessing196295The Tin DrumGünter Grass195996The Scarlet LetterNathaniel Hawthorne185097Under the VolcanoMalcolm Lowry194798EmmaJane Austen181599Dead SoulsNikolai Gogol1842100For Whom the Bell TollsErnest Hemingway1940101The Complete Tales and Poems of Edgar Allan PoeEdgar Allan Poe1902102The MetamorphosisFranz Kafka1915103The Picture of Dorian GrayOscar Wilde1890104Robinson CrusoeDaniel Defoe1719105The Handmaid's TaleMargaret Atwood1985106Waiting for GodotSamuel Beckett1953107Doctor FaustusThomas Mann1947108Bleak HouseCharles Dickens1852109Tess of the d'UrbervillesThomas Hardy1891110Vanity FairWilliam Makepeace Thackeray1847111The Man Without QualitiesRobert Musil1930112Treasure IslandRobert Louis Stevenson1883113The Second SexSimone de Beauvoir1949114The Maltese FalconDashiell Hammett1930115Native SonRichard Wright1940116The Bell JarSylvia Plath1963117DraculaBram Stoker1897118The Color PurpleAlice Walker1982119A Clockwork OrangeAnthony Burgess1962120The Charterhouse of ParmaStendhal1839121Howards EndE. M. Forster1910122The PlagueAlbert Camus1947123The Big SleepRaymond Chandler1939124The Tale of GenjiMurasaki Shikibu1001125Lord JimJoseph Conrad1900126DecameronGiovanni Boccaccio1353127Memoirs of HadrianMarguerite Yourcenar1951128The Wind in the WillowsKenneth Grahame1908129Poems of Emily DickinsonEmily Dickinson1890130Fahrenheit 451Ray Bradbury1953131The Talented Mr. RipleyPatricia Highsmith1955132The Unbearable Lightness of BeingMilan Kundera1984133A Sentimental EducationGustave Flaubert1869134The Interpretation of DreamsSigmund Freud1899135The Hound of the BaskervillesArthur Conan Doyle1902136Sons and LoversD. H. Lawrence1913137MacbethWilliam Shakespeare1606138The Hitchhiker's Guide to the GalaxyDouglas Adams1979139The PrinceNiccolo Machiavelli1532140Pedro PáramoJuan Rulfo1955141Love in the Time of CholeraGabriel García Márquez1985142A Farewell to ArmsErnest Hemingway1929143The Three MusketeersAlexandre Dumas1844144The Name of the RoseUmberto Eco1980145A Room of One's OwnVirginia Woolf1929146Paradise LostJohn Milton1667147Doctor ZhivagoBoris Pasternak1957148Rabbit, RunJohn Updike1960149First FolioWilliam Shakespeare1623150SteppenwolfHermann Hesse1927151Fairy Tales and StoriesHans Christian Andersen1835152AntigoneSophocles-441153Tom JonesHenry Fielding1749154The Heart Is A Lonely HunterCarson McCullers1940155King LearWilliam Shakespeare1608156A Wrinkle In TimeMadeleine L'Engle1962157Wide Sargasso SeaJean Rhys1966158One Flew Over the Cuckoo's NestKen Kesey1962159The Flowers of EvilCharles Baudelaire1857160On the Origin of SpeciesCharles Darwin1859161The Waste LandT. S. Eliot1922162One Day in the Life of Ivan DenisovichAleksandr Solzhenitsyn1962163Tender Is the NightF. Scott Fitzgerald1934164Winnie the PoohA. A. Milne1926165The Good Soldier SvejkJaroslav Hašek1921166Confessions of ZenoItalo Svevo1923167Light in AugustWilliam Faulkner1932168Portnoy's ComplaintPhilip Roth1969169Fathers and SonsIvan Turgenev1862170The Woman in WhiteWilkie Collins1860171And Then There Were NoneAgatha Christie1939172My AntoniaWilla Cather1918173White TeethZadie Smith2000174The Complete Sherlock HolmesArthur Conan Doyle1927175AtonementIan McEwan2001176Blood MeridianCormac McCarthy1985177ConfessionsAugustine397178Brideshead RevisitedEvelyn Waugh1945179Out of AfricaIsak Dinesen1937180The Prime of Miss Jean BrodieMuriel Spark1961181U.S.A. TrilogyJohn Dos Passos1930182An American TragedyTheodore Dreiser1925183The Autobiography of Malcolm XAlex Haley1965184Lady Chatterley's LoverD. H. Lawrence1928185Giovanni's RoomJames Baldwin1956186Franz KafkaFranz Kafka1971187Brighton RockGraham Greene1938188A House for Mr. BiswasV. S. Naipaul1961189The Canterbury TalesGeoffrey Chaucer1400190The Spy Who Came in From the ColdJohn le Carré1963191The Amazing Adventures of Kavalier and ClayMichael Chabon2000192Man's FateAndre Malraux1933193The Double HelixJames D. Watson1968194The CorrectionsJonathan Franzen2001195MolloySamuel Beckett1951196A Season in HellArthur Rimbaud1873197Communist ManifestoKarl Marx, Friedrich Engels1848198All the King's MenRobert Penn Warren1946199Watership DownRichard Adams1972200Harry Potter And The Philosopher's StoneJ. K. Rowling1997201HungerKnut Hamsun1890202The Once and Future KingT. H. White1958203Zorba the GreekNikos Kazantzakis1946204A Confederacy of DuncesJohn Kennedy Toole1980205The Gulag ArchipelagoAleksandr Solzhenitsyn1973206The End of the AffairGraham Greene1951207The Lion, The Witch and the WardrobeC. S. 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Somerset Maugham1915251The Tartar SteppeDino Buzzati1940252Life and FateVasily Grossman1980253Thus Spake ZarathustraFriedrich Nietzsche1883254A Tree Grows in BrooklynBetty Smith1943255Women in LoveD. H. Lawrence1920256Democracy in AmericaAlexis de Tocqueville1835257Black Lamb and Grey FalconRebecca West1941258Pippi LongstockingAstrid Lindgren1945259The TempestWilliam Shakespeare1623260The JungleUpton Sinclair1906261Invisible CitiesItalo Calvino1972262Father GoriotHonoré de Balzac1835263Never Let Me GoKazuo Ishiguro2005264The Pickwick PapersCharles Dickens1836265The AmbassadorsHenry James1903266The General Theory of Employment, Interest and MoneyJohn Maynard Keynes1936267The Call of the WildJack London1903268LabyrinthsJorge Luis Borges1962269Epic of GilgameshUnknown-2100270The Forsyte SagaJohn Galsworthy1906271The Turn of the ScrewHenry James18982722666Roberto Bolaño2004273KimRudyard Kipling1901274The Alexandria QuartetLawrence Durrell1957275Of Mice and MenJohn Steinbeck1937276The AwakeningKate Chopin1899277Where the Wild Things AreMaurice Sendak1963278Speak, MemoryVladimir Nabokov1951279The RoadCormac McCarthy2006280The House of the SpiritsIsabel Allende1982281PersuasionJane Austen1817282Malone DiesSamuel Beckett1951283A Dance to the Music of TimeAnthony Powell1951284La RegentaClarín1884285The Electric Kool-Aid Acid TestTom Wolfe1968286The Secret HistoryDonna Tartt1992287La CelestinaFernando de Rojas1499288Kristin LavransdatterSigrid Undset1920289The Left Hand Of DarknessUrsula K. Le Guin1969290HerzogSaul Bellow1964291Cry, the Beloved CountryAlan Paton1948292Infinite JestDavid Foster Wallace1996293The StandStephen King1978294Uncle Tom's CabinHarriet Beecher Stowe1852295The Radetzky MarchJoseph Roth1932296The Haunting of Hill HouseShirley Jackson1959297Man's Search for MeaningViktor Frankl1946298Winesburg, OhioSherwood Anderson1919299The Elements of StyleE. B. White, William Strunk Jr.1918300The Daughter of TimeJosephine Tey1951301The Private Memoirs and Confessions of a Justified SinnerJames Hogg1824302Bonfire of the VanitiesTom Wolfe1987303LeviathanThomas Hobbes1651304Lucky JimKingsley Amis1954305The Mayor of CasterbridgeThomas Hardy1886306The Old Wives' TaleArnold Bennett1908307Look Homeward, AngelThomas Wolfe1929308Tropic of CancerHenry Miller1934309Anne of Green GablesL. M. Montgomery1908310The Wind-Up Bird ChronicleHaruki Murakami1994311A Christmas CarolCharles Dickens1843312Cold Comfort FarmStella Gibbons1932313The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar WaoJunot Diaz2007314The Affluent SocietyJohn Kenneth Galbraith1958315Jude the ObscureThomas Hardy1895316BabbittSinclair Lewis1922317The Poems of Robert FrostRobert Frost1913318Our Mutual FriendCharles Dickens1864319The Complete Works of PlatoPlato-387320The Chronicles of NarniaC. S. Lewis1950321Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep?Philip K. Dick1968322Murder on the Orient ExpressAgatha Christie1934323ClarissaSamuel Richardson1748324HousekeepingMarilynne Robinson1980325The Book of DisquietFernando Pessoa1982326The Sea, The SeaIris Murdoch1978327The GodfatherMario Puzo1969328The God of Small ThingsArundhati Roy1997329MedeaEuripides-431330MiddlesexJeffrey Eugenides2002331The ShiningStephen King1977332A Hero of Our TimeMikhail Lermontov1840333The Stories of John CheeverJohn Cheever1978334The Princess of ClevesMadame de La Fayette1678335MeditationsMarcus Aurelius161336The Mill on the FlossGeorge Eliot1860337GileadMarilynne Robinson2004338Tarzan of the ApesEdgar Rice Burroughs1912339The Souls of Black FolkW. E. B. Du Bois1903340The Things They CarriedTim O'Brien1990341A Room With a ViewE. M. Forster1908342The Man Who Loved ChildrenChristina Stead1940343The Phantom TollboothNorton Juster1961344Memoirs From Beyond the GraveFrançois-Auguste-René de Chateaubriand1849345Kolyma StoriesVarlam Shalamov1954346The Education of Henry AdamsHenry Adams1907347Wings of the DoveHenry James1902348The Postman Always Rings TwiceJames M. Cain1934349A Brief History of TimeStephen Hawking1988350FerdydurkeWitold Gombrowicz1937351Parade's EndFord Madox Ford1924352The Hollow ManJohn Dickson Carr1935353NightwoodDjuna Barnes1936354IvanhoeSir Walter Scott1819355The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras CubasMachado de Assis1881356Season of Migration to the NorthAl-Tayyib Salih1966357The Confusions of Young TörlessRobert Musil1906358The Year of Magical ThinkingJoan Didion2005359Gravity's RainbowThomas Pynchon1973360I Know Why the Caged Bird SingsMaya Angelou1969361RelativityAlbert Einstein1916362Go Tell it on the MountainJames Baldwin1953363The Autobiography of Alice B. 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Burroughs1959375Life, a User's ManualGeorges Perec1978376American PastoralPhilip Roth1997377The Devil to Pay in the BacklandsJoao Guimaraes Rosa1956378Notes from the UndergroundFyodor Dostoevsky1864379AmerikaFranz Kafka1927380Gypsy BalladsFederico García Lorca1928381The MoonstoneWilkie Collins1868382Eminent VictoriansLytton Strachey1918383The Power and the GloryGraham Greene1940384Another CountryJames Baldwin1962385Moll FlandersDaniel Defoe1722386Le Grand MeaulnesHenri Alain-Fournier1913387The Notebooks of Malte Laurids BriggeRainer Maria Rilke1910388AusterlitzW. G. Sebald2001389Ada or ArdorVladimir Nabokov1969390White NoiseDon DeLillo1985391Peter And WendyJ. M. Barrie1911392Stranger in a Strange LandRobert A. Heinlein1961393The Secret GardenFrances Hodgson Burnett1911394Wolf HallHilary Mantel2009395Collected PoemsWallace Stevens1954396The Sorrows of Young WertherJohann Wolfgang von Goethe1774397Casino RoyaleIan Fleming1953398Eugene OneginAlexander Pushkin1833399PassingNella Larsen1929400The Civil WarShelby Foote1958401Finnegans WakeJames Joyce1939402The Savage DetectivesRoberto Bolaño1998403The Histories of HerodotusHerodotus-450404The ProphetKahlil Gibran1923405The Joy of CookingIrma S. 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G. Wells1898437Rabbit ReduxJohn Updike1971438PenséesBlaise Pascal1670439El BuscónFrancisco de Quevedo1626440A Death in the FamilyJames Agee1957441Lost IllusionsHonoré de Balzac1837442The Hunchback of Notre-DameVictor Hugo1831443Cousin BetteHonoré de Balzac1846444If on a Winter's Night a TravellerItalo Calvino1979445Through the Looking GlassLewis Carroll1871446The Time of the HeroMario Vargas Llosa1963447I, ClaudiusRobert Graves1934448Call to ArmsXun Lu1922449I'm Not StillerMax Frisch1954450Household TalesBrothers Grimm1812451The Human StainPhilip Roth2000452Testament Of YouthVera Brittain1933453The Nine TailorsDorothy L. Sayers1934454A Handful of DustEvelyn Waugh1934455The Garden of the Finzi-ContinisGiorgio Bassani1962456Thérèse RaquinÉmile Zola1867457The Cat in the HatDr. Seuss1957458The Nicomachean EthicsAristotle-334459Philosophical InvestigationsLudwig Wittgenstein1953460The Joy Luck ClubAmy Tan1989461A Fine BalanceRohinton Mistry1995462So Long, See You TomorrowWilliam Maxwell1980463Stories of Ernest HemingwayErnest Hemingway1987464SanctuaryWilliam Faulkner1931465The Power BrokerRobert Caro1974466AmericanahChimamanda Ngozi Adichie2013467Poems of W. H. AudenW. H. Auden1930468Joseph and His BrothersThomas Mann1933469Breakfast at Tiffany'sTruman Capote1958470The Death of the HeartElizabeth Bowen1938471Tractatus Logico-PhilosophicusLudwig Wittgenstein1921472Froth on the daydreamBoris Vian1947473The Cherry OrchardAnton Chekhov1904474Complete Poems of Giacomo LeopardiGiacomo Leopardi1831475Main StreetSinclair Lewis1920476Excellent WomenBarbara Pym1952477GormenghastMervyn Peake1950478The Razor's EdgeW. Somerset Maugham1944479PlateroJuan Ramón Jiménez1914480I Capture the CastleDodie Smith1948481Encyclopedia BritannicaEncyclopedia Britannica1768482The Open SocietyKarl Popper1945483The Passion According to G.H.Clarice Lispector1964484The Day of the LocustNathanael West1939485EthicsBaruch de Spinoza1677486Journey to the WestWu Cheng'en1592487SulaToni Morrison1973488The AlchemistPaulo Coelho1988489The Federalist PapersAlexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay1787490Arrow of GodChinua Achebe1964491The Art of WarSun Tzu-500492The Thirty-Nine StepsJohn Buchan1915493Gaudy NightDorothy L. Sayers1935494In Our TimeErnest Hemingway1925495The Custom of the CountryEdith Wharton1913496Quo VadisHenryk Sienkiewicz1895497At Swim Two-BirdsFlann O'Brien1939498Melmoth the WandererCharles Robert Maturin1820499The Vicar of WakefieldOliver Goldsmith1766500The Right StuffTom Wolfe1979현 20대 남성의 상당수가 70대 이상의 남성과 비슷하다는 조사 결과가 있던데 그 내용을 올려 주세요. 70대 이상의 남성들은 고등학교 졸업자도 굉장히 적은 걸로 알고 있는데요.어떻게 그러한 결과가 나올 수 있는지 엄청나게 충격적이네요.외국에서도 한국 20대 남성들이 정상적인 부분과는 거리가 있다는 비판들이 나오네요.30대 이상이 여러 모로 훨씬 낫다는 의견이 있더군요.세월은 흐르고 전 세계가 발전하고 있는데 한국의 인문 쪽은.물론 '한강'의 노벨문학상 수상은 세계 문학사에 남을 업적이자 한 줄기의 찬란한 빛입니다.